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Using Deep Learning - Convolutional Naural Networks (CNNS) for Real-Time Fruit Detection in the Tree
K. Bresilla, G. Perulli, A. Boini, B. Morandi, L. C. Grappadelli, L. Manfrini
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Image/video processing for fruit detection in the tree using hard-coded feature extraction algorithms have shown high accuracy on fruit detection during recent years. While accurate, these approaches even with high-end hardware are still computationally intensive and too slow for real-time systems. This paper details the use of deep convolution neural networks architecture based on single-stage detectors. Using deep-learning techniques eliminates the need for hard-code specific features for specific fruit shapes, color and/or other attributes. This architectures take the input image and divides into AxA grid, where A is a configurable hyper-parameter that defines the fineness of the grid To each grid cell an image detection and localization algorithm is applied. Each of those cells is responsible to predict bounding boxes and confidence score for fruit (apple and pear in the case of this study) detected in that cell. We want this confidence score to be high if a fruit exists in a cell, otherwise to be zero, if no fruit is in the cell. More than 100 images of apple were taken. Each tree image with approximately 50 fruits, that at the end resulted on more than 5000 images of apple and pear fruits each. Labeling images for training consisted on manually specifying the bounding boxes for fruits, where (x, y) are the center coordinates of the box and (w, h) are width and height. This architecture showed an accuracy of more than 90% fruit detection. Based on correlation between number of visible fruits, detected fruits on one frame and the real number of fruits on one tree, a model was created to accommodate this error rate. Processing speed is higher than 10FPS which is fast enough for any grasping/harvesting robotic arm or other real-time applications.

Keyword: Computer vision, Deep learning, Fruit recognition, Harvesting robot, Precision agriculture