Soil microbial communities mediate many important soil processes in agricultural fields, however their spatial distribution at distances relevant to precision agriculture is poorly understood. This study examined the soil physico-chemical properties and topographic features controlling the spatial distribution of soil microbial communities in a commercial potato field in eastern Canada using next generation sequencing. Soil was collected from a transect (1100 m) with 83 sampling points in a landscape with rolling topography. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.73) between soil pH (range 4.3-7.0) and slope gradient (range 2-12 %) was observed, a finding attributed to greater soil erosion on steep slopes resulting in exposure of low pH subsoil. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria were the most abundant bacterial phyla, with average relative abundance of 32, 21 and 15%, respectively. Bacterial diversity at the phylum level was found to be primarily related to soil pH. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant fungal phyla, with average relative abundance of 69 and 15%, respectively. Fungal diversity at the phylum level was primarily related to soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil pH. Semivariogram analyses revealed that the bacterial α-diversity, the relative abundance of most bacterial and fungal phyla, pH and slope gradient showed strong to medium spatial autocorrelations with a range between 30 to 92 m. Soil microbial communities varied in a systematic and predictable pattern in response to variation in soil physico-chemical properties and topographic features. The two major factors influencing bacterial and fungal communities (soil pH and SOC) can be managed through application of lime and organic amendments, and therefore it may be possible to influence diversity of microbial communities at spatial scales relevant to precision agriculture.