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N-management Using Structural Data: UAV-derived Crop Height As an Estimator for Biomass, N Concentration, and N Uptake in Winter Wheat
1G. Bareth, 2A. Jenal, 3H. Hüging
1. University of Cologne
2. University of Apllied Scienecs Koblenz
3. University of Bonn

In the last 15 years, sensors mounted on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been intensively investigated for crop monitoring. Besides known remote sensing approaches based on multispectral and hyperspectral sensors, photogrammetric methods became very important. Structure for Motion (SfM) and Multiview Stereopsis (MVS) analysis approaches enable the quantitative determination of absolute crop height and crop growth. Since the first paper on UAV-derived crop height was published by Bendig et al. (2013), this method has become an established approach for providing crop height data. Several studies show that crop height serves as a robust and very good performing estimator for biomass. As known from optical remote sensing approaches for N uptake, estimators that perform well for biomass also perform well for N uptake. Consequently, we hypothesize that crop height can serve as a robust estimator for N uptake. Therefore, the objectives of our contribution are to investigate crop height (i) to estimate dry biomass, as a predictor (ii) for N concentration, and (iii) for N uptake in winter wheat. UAV-derived crop height was generated from Digital Surface Models (DSMs) produced in Agisoft Metashape. UAV campaigns were conducted with a DJI Phantom 4 RTK capturing RGB image data with a 1” sensor in 20 MP resolution. The results confirm the findings of numerous studies that biomass can be estimated very well using crop height (R2 = 0.89) but performs only moderate for N concentration (R2 = 0.65). As a consequence, UAV-derived crop height still serves as a strong estimator for N uptake (R2 = 0.72). Similar findings were reported by Tilly and Bareth (2019) for barley and by Aasen and Bareth (2019) for winter wheat. The key advantage of structural remote sensing methods is the independence from changing illumination conditions, like partial cloud cover, which is a drawback of spectral approaches relying on clear sky conditions or homogenous overcast conditions. The potential of methods to derive precise crop height should be investigated more intensively in the context of N uptake and N management on the field level and in real N-application studies.

Keyword: UAV, plant height, N, uptake, biomass, wheat, CSM